Two modelling studies for lake urmia basin focused on quantifying the contributions of various factors on lake water volume hassanzadeh et al. The total catchment area of the lake is about 51,876 km2 which is 3. Effect of urmia lakes drying on groundwater corrosion and scaling. Table 1 includes the updated list of archaebacterial and bacterial species in the water, soil and mud of urmia lake. The lake urmia positioned in a closed basin in northwest iran, positioned at altitude 1250 m above. Lake urmias retreat has imperiled ecosystems and agriculture, and dislocated whole. Journal of great lakes research 41 2015 307311 satellitebased gaugeadjusted climate record aghakouchak and. Artemiidae from the urmia lake west azerbaijan, iran, journal of animal and veterinary advances, 6 12. Investigating uncertainty of climate change effect on.
More than 400 gramlit national park since 1971 ramsar site since 1975 unesco biosphere reserve since 1976. A recent satellite image of the urmia lake, captured on july 26, 2015 showing the extent of. List of archaebacteria and bacteria from the national park of urmia lake. Urmia lake, the largest natural habitat of the brine shrimp artemia urmiana, has progressively. East azerbaijan 39 percent, west azerbaijan 51 percent and the southern province of kurdistan 10 percent. Over the years he produced nineteen books, including collections of essays, the famous childrens books stuart little and charlottes web, and the long popular. Lake urmia in northwestern iran is the largest inland lake in the country and one of the largest saline lakes in the world 6,253 ha. Contrary to widespread opinions, urmia lake and its adjacent wetlands are the habitat of various organisms. The average salinity of the lake ranges between 220300 mgl depending on temporal and spatial conditions, in. Before the major drought which began in 2005, lake urmia.
Hence, the purpose of this paper is the urmia lake water level estimation during 20002006 using observed water level, snow cover, direct precipitation, and evaporation. Pdf biodiversity of the hypersaline urmia lake national. In the iranian calendar for 2015 until 21st of march in 2016, 660 million dollars. The lake occupies a 5700 km2 depression in northwestern iran. A study for the establishment of natural park on the islands of urmia lake. The effect of drying of urmia lake on community structure and. This study shows that the very recent fall in water level is due to anthropogenic impacts rather than natural variability. Urmia lake harbours a rich collection of archaebacteria and bacteria. It is situated at an altitude of 1,330 metres 4,360 ft above sea level, and is. The choice of a case study particular value of this compensation parameter p depends lake urmia in northwestern iran is the largest inland lake in on the type of problem and desired solution. Environment protection bureau of west azarbayjan province, vols. Irans department of the environment and the united nations development programme undp ratified a project to save the lake and the surrounding wetlands undp, 2014, at an.
Urmia lake has a maximum length of 140 km, its width ranges between 15 km and 50 km, and its surface area measures between 4750 and 6100 km2. Due to the fact that the water surface of lakes is affected directly by the entering runoff, herein we study the. Lake urmia, one of the worlds largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city, and the mountainous turkish border area lies to the west. The existing estimations for the lake water balance are widely variable because the lake bathymetry is unknown. Quantifying the impacts of human water use and climate. Associate pdf files to always open in reader or acrobat on. Primary assessments on causes of dried phenomena in some parts of urmia lake. Lake urmia is one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world, which due to its ecological and natural features is a 20 national park, a ramsar site and a unesco biosphere reserve eimanifar and mohebbi, 2007. Its maximum depth is 16 m and its average depth is 6 m 2,3. Irans lake urmia in pictures world news the guardian. Lake urmia persian, daryachehye orumieh, is irans largest lake with a surface area of approximately 5,200 km 2 2,000 mile 2.
Evaluation of salt effects on some thermodynamic properties. Based on its unique biodiversity, environmental gradients, socioeconomic importance and existence of indigenous communities, urmia lake has been registered as a protected area since 1967 and as a national park since 1975. Lake urmia, located between east and west azarbaijan provinces, was once the largest saltwater lake in the middle east. Brief early warning, emerging issues and futures lake urmia. Urmiye is the largest city in west azerbaijan province of iran and the capital of urmia county. Urmia lake s water level started to decrease sharply from 1995 figure 1. Impacts of climate change and water resources development on. He finally mentioned, the water of this dam will feed the lake instead of being consumed in.
Lake urmia supports agriculture, energy, industry, food, water and housing needs of the people that live around the lake and within the wider catchment basin. Five of these islands can be noted here such as the islands of islami, kaboodan, ashk daqi, espir, and arezoo 10. At its greatest extent, lake urmia once covered a surface area of 5,000 square kilometers 2,000 square miles. They play a major role in the food chain of urmia lake ecosystem. You can change the default program for pdf files to open it in a program thats more suitable and featurerich, such as acrobat reader dc or acrobat dc. Geologically the lake basin is considered to be a graben of tectonic origin. White 1898 1985 began his career as a p rofessional writer with the newly founded new yorker magazine in the 1920s. Nov 21, 2014 a car tyre lies in the growing salt flats of lake urmia, a salt lake in the province of west azerbaijan, by hossein fatemi the beautiful and complex allegories used by one of irans most prominent childrens story writers and social critics, samad behrangi, have been used for a number of years to illustrate the common mans struggles in iran. In general, the the country and one of the largest saline lakes in the world greater the conflict between players, the smaller the possi 6,253 ha. May 14, 2020 by 2017, it had expanded to 2,300 km 2 and, according to the latest information from the lake urmia monitoring station, it was at 3,4 km 2 last month. It is the saltiest large lake in the world that supports life. Urmia lake in northwestern iran is the 20th largest lake and prior to september 2010 was the second largest hypersaline lake in the world figure 1. The urmia lake has about 102 islands both large and small. The lagoon near the southern part of urmia lake rashakan region.
The impact of onedecade ecological disturbance on genetic. Jul 11, 2006 urmia lake has been designated as an international park by the united nations. Can water diplomacy enable a new future for the urmia lake. Water level decline of urmia lake, based on satellite images resource. Biodiversity of the hypersaline urmia lake national park nw iran. Read on for higher education risk management and insurance news, updates, and resources. Also this lake is a host for large groups of flamingoes and whitepelicans. Changes in area of lake urmia from october 1972 to august 2014, derived from landsat imagery. More than 400 gramlit national park since 1971 ramsar site since 1975 unesco biosphere reserve since 1976 you created this pdf from an application that is not licensed. The area of this lake in the summer of 2015 was about six thousand square kilometers that was located in the row of 25 th biggest lake of the world. Urmia lake, located in northwestern iran, is an oligotrophic lake. It is a termina l lake that loses water only by evaporation hassanzadeh et al.
This study investigates sustainable water use strategies for lake urmia basin, and. Socially navigating through the urmia lake debate wur edepot. The lake is located between the provinces of east azerbaijan and west azerbaijan in iran, and west of the southern portion of the caspian sea. Pdf lake urmia, located in nw of iran, is the third largest saltwater lake on. Groundwater also supplies a very small fraction of the water inputs to the lake. The images above show lake urmia also orumiyeh or orumieh on april 9, 2018, and april 12, 2019.
Thousands of flamingos delay migration from lake urmia social, environmental and economic impacts although not conclusive, the construction of urmia lake bridge, that was built to facilitate regional transport, seems to have contributed to the current state of the lake. Located at an altitude of 1275 m above sea level, the lake s volume. Earth timelapse is a global, zoomable timelapse video of the entire planet, from 1984 to now. Recent torrential rains have replenished the water levels of this aquatic gem once known as the turquoise solitaire of azerbaijan. Managing lake urmia, iran for diverse restoration objectives. Lake urmia in northwestern iran is the largest lake in iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. Nov 12, 2019 irans lake urmia was once the secondlargest saltwater lake in the world, covering more than 2,000 square miles at its deepest in the 1990s. Urmia lake, located in northwest of iran is the second saline lake of the world with 200 gram salt per liter in origin volume and 500 grlit at present whi. There are 311 types of plants, 226 types of birds, 27 types of reptiles, and 24 types of mammals living in lake urmia. Microsoft edge is the default program for opening pdf files on windows 10.
Regarding the habitat values due to the nature of the lake urmia with the kaniborazan, the breeding species of waterbirds in urmia. May 07, 2017 urmia lake is the name of the lake in the south west of iran country. Lake urmia all you need to know before you go updated. Urmia lake, with a surface area between 4000 to 6000 km2, is a hypersaline lake located in northwest iran. Urmia lake basin is overwintering habitat for a large aquatic birds especially ducks and longleg birds. Poem about urmia lake, man in mosque in tabriz city, 2016. Mud in lake urmia international journal of travel medicine and. All these resources directly depend on precipitation over the basin.
Lake urmia, located in a mountainous region between the provinces of east and west azerbaijan in northwestern iran is one of the countrys. Geographic position of urmia lake in northwest of iran. Base on the country division of iran this lake is located in between two east azerbaijan and west azerbaijan provinces. Jan 23, 2015 in the late 1990s, lake urmia, in northwestern iran, was twice as large as luxembourg and the largest saltwater lake in the middle east. Lake urmia or orumiyeh, is one of the largest permanent hypersaline. Evaluation of the effects of water level decline of urmia. Hydrogeochemistry of seasonal variation of urmia salt lake. Urmia lake is nearly saturated with halite but salt has not been precipitated on the lake floor in the past as indicated by drilling in the vicinity of the highway, except in the summer of 2002 during which salt started to crystallize as a very thin layer lake floor, but only in the areas. The kaniborazan wetland with the lake urmia has a hydrological and ecological relationship 11. Figure 2 shows a recent satellite image of the lake. A car tyre lies in the growing salt flats of lake urmia, a salt lake in the province of west azerbaijan, by hossein fatemi the beautiful and complex allegories used by one of irans most prominent childrens story writers and social critics, samad behrangi, have been used for a number of years to illustrate the common mans struggles in iran.
Urmia lake, located in northwestern iran, is an oligotrophic lake of. Groundwater samples were collected from all of the catchments of the urmia lake basin, and the characteristics of the water were used to. May 15, 2020 by 2017, it had expanded to 2,300 km 2 and, according to the latest information from the lake urmia monitoring station, it was at 3,4 km 2 last month. Project of transferring water from caspian sea to urmia lake. Apr 23, 2014 waterlevel fluctuations of urmia lake during 19662010 based on height from mean sea level, in meter. Some 1500 species of vascular plants, including unique artemia figure 2. Water free fulltext effects of water level decline in lake urmia. Brief overview of the lake urmia basin lake urmia basin, irans largest hypersaline water body, is located in northwest iran and covers an area of about 52 000 square kms figure 1. The urmia lake basin area is around 51,000 km2, of which the lake formerly covered approximately 5000 km2. Urmia lake altimetry data power model truncated pyramid model urmia lake in the northwest of iran is the second largest hypersaline lake worldwide. Urmia lake s water level has faced several changes during a long period, but these changes usually had a fluctuating trend, leading the level back to normal, while its more than a decade that due to severe drought and pressures of water extraction, the level of the lake.
In addition, about 546 plant species of 299 genera and 64 families occur within the ecological zone of ul. Water free fulltext analysis of the effects of water management. Drought in urmia lake, the largest natural habitat of brine shrimp artemia pdf. He pointed the project of conveying water from kani sib dam to urmia lake is under construction and said that 650 million cubic meters water would be transferred by a tunnel with final diameter of 5. The oldest park in urmia, called parke saat, was established in the first pahlavi s era. Urmia lake national park is the home of an almost endemic crustacean species known as the brine shrimp, artemia urmiana. Publications eandsdwirt%20conclusions%20and%20recommendations. Likewise, familiar case aral is an awaiting scenario that scientists trace.
Urmia lake is supplied by direct precipitation, 17 permanent and ephemeral rivers and 39 intermittent streams mostly discharging into the lake south. Furthermore, in another work conducted on the urmia lake, kavehkar et al. Climate variability and anthropogenic effects on lake urmia water. Urmia lake, located in northwestern iran, is an oligotrophic lake of thalassohaline origin with a total surface area between 4750 and 6100 km2 and a maximum depth of 16 m at an altitude of 1250 m. In the wet years, the wetland flows into lake urmia 3,4. Pdf irans dam policy and the case of the lake urmia.
Despite this, and several other values of the lake, little literature on it has been published. In lake urmia basin, iran by suyog chaudhari a thesis submitted to michigan state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of civil engineering master of science 2017. Urmia lake has been designated as an international park by the united nations. Urmia lake, in northwestern iran, is an important internationally recognized. It is situated at an altitude of 1,330 metres 4,360 ft above sea level, and is located along the shahar river on the urmia plain. Update of biodiversity of the hypersaline urmia lake. Pdf time series analysis of water level in urmia lake. Urmia lake longterm water balance fluctuation avera ge hight lake minimum ecological level 1274. In 2011, about 6 million people lived within the basin ulrp, 2017. Apr 26, 2016 the urmia lake restoration committee set up expert committees who made an action plan in 2014, which was approved. In arid and semiarid areas, unsustainable development of irrigated agriculture has reduced the water level of large lakes such as aral, urmia, hamoon, and. Ecosystem approach as a main strategy for urmia lake rescue. Great salt lake an overview of change wallace gwynn j, editor.
Brief early warning, emerging issues and futures lake. Saving irans precious lake urmia scientific american. The lake is also the largest inland body of salt water in the middle east area with an area that varied from 2,000 to 2,300 square mi 5,200 to 6,000 square km. On the other hand, the urmia lake has recently encountered a dry period in which the water balance of the lake is negative and therefore the water loss imposed a critical condition to the water chemical quality ahmadzadeh, 2006. Lake urmia is a large endorheic salt lake in northwestern. Hydrogeochemistry of seasonal variation of urmia salt lake, iran.
The urmia lake started to change from a water body with a depth of 7. The lake is also one of the most important and valuable aquatic ecosystems in the country. May 16, 2007 lake urmia or ormiyeh is one of the largest hypersaline lakes in the world and the habitat of a unique bisexual artemia species a. Now urmia lake has become an ecological disaster, receiving international attention. Since then it has shrunk substantially, and was sliced in. Reptiles the surrounding regions of urmia lake harbour several species of reptiles. Their communities might be faced with a possible threat of extinction due to unsuitable ecological conditions in urmia lake. Since its completion in 2008, lake urmia has essentially been two water bodies. Urmia lake, lake restoration, watershed restoration, watershed management, chaos, phase diagram 1. Urmia lake s coastline that occurred between 2001 and 2011. Lake urmia basin, irans largest hypersaline water body, is located in northwest iran and covers an area of about 52 000 square kms figure 1. The lake urmia in 1985 august left and in 2010 august right there are 39 dams either constructed or planned over the rivers flowing into the lake urmia, mainly for the purpose of irrigation.
It is habitat to many migratory and indigenous animals, including flamingos, pelicans, egrets, and ducks, and attracts hundreds of tourists every year who had bathed in the water to take advantage of the therapeutic properties of the lake. This decline is putting the survival of urmia lake at risk. The mahabad river first pours into the kaniborazan wetland. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499, with 197,749 households. Modeling lake urmia waterlevel changes using local linear. The images were acquired by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer modis on nasas terra satellite. Urmia lake doe gefundp 2005 2014 establishing ecosystem based management plan for urmia lake basin this project aims to demonstrate reduction of the major threats to the urmia lake through promoting ecosystembased management, coordinated through an integrated management plan. Flamingos, pelicans, spoonbills, ibises, storks, shelducks, avocets, stilts, and gulls are common birds that live in this lake. Pdf time series analysis of water level in urmia lake using. Urmia has many parks and touristic costal villages in the shore of urmia lake. Since the past decade, almost 70 percent of the lake vanished rapidly but within several frequencies. East azerbaijan 39 percent, west azerbaijan 51 percent and the southern province of. Saving irans precious lake urmia scientific american blog. Known as a crucial subject, lake urmia is suffering from a slow atrophy.
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